![]() Circuity (the ratio of Euclidean to Network distance) would be minimized if roads were at 0-degree angles. The circuity increase associated with a 90-degree rather than 60-degree network is obvious. This plan loses a lot of areas to ornamental parks in the middle of streets. This ensures that the cells in the plan are not bisected by roads, and that they are instead hexagonal blocks. Müller's plan offsets the 60-degree streets so that they come together in 4-way rather than 6-way intersections (though they are still at 60-degrees and not bent to make 90-degree intersections). Rudolf Müller proposed The City of the Future: Hexagonal Building Concept for a New Division. ![]() Most are simple aesthetic choices, as in Canberra, the planned capital city of Australia, and don't seem to relate to deeper urban organizational issues. Ben-Joseph and Gordon (2000) ( Hexagonal Planning in Theory and Practice (Journal of Urban Design 5(3) pp.237-265)) summarize a number of the 19th and 20th century designs. There are many designs for non-rectilinear street networks.
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